Seed production of tropical range grasses in India: towards quality and sustainability

Abstract

In tropical and sub-tropical countries, agriculture is predominantly crop-livestock-based mixed farming, influenced by climate change events. However, for various reasons, livestock productivity in these countries is considerably lower as compared to temperate countries. Regional and seasonal deficits in nutritious fodder availability are a significant constraint in sustainable and profitable livestock production. Globally, the primary impediment to enhancing fodder production and sustainable grassland management is the timely unavailability of quality seeds and planting materials, especially improved cultivars. Tropical countries encounter several issues in the range grass seed production, such as poor germination, seed dormancy, non-synchronous flowering, seed shattering, poor ovule-to-seed ratio, low seed yield, etc., due to extreme climates and lack of domestication of tropical forage species. Effective utilization of high-quality seeds or planting materials coupled with proper agronomic management practices can increase forage yield by 30 to 40%. However, comprehensive seed production information on tropical range grasses is still lacking among farmers and other stakeholders. This review not only underscores the constraints, principles, and opportunities for seed production in tropical range grasses but also systematically elaborates on various advanced management practices, such as suitable planting methods, optimal sowing times, water and nutrient management, cutting practices, and harvesting management to enhance quality seed production. This, in turn, will aid in utilizing existing and forest wastelands for sustainable seed production of tropical range grasses, consequently boosting the supply of green fodder and ecosystem services.